??? 這些差異是口譯譯員在翻譯當(dāng)中尤其要注意的，如果翻譯不當(dāng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生一些不必要的誤會(huì)。譯員要擔(dān)當(dāng)好橋梁的作用。下面我們看一些禮賓用語(yǔ)的中英文化差異以及譯法：
一、 問(wèn)候
??? 每個(gè)國(guó)家的問(wèn)候語(yǔ)都是不同的，比如：有的中方主人在飛機(jī)場(chǎng)迎接外方的客人會(huì)說(shuō)："歡迎歡迎，一路辛苦了。"我們不能直譯為：Welcome. You must be tired all the way？在英語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣上，是對(duì)滿臉倦容的人要表示關(guān)切的話而不是打招呼的問(wèn)候。按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣可以這樣說(shuō)：You've had a long trip. 或Did you have a long flight？
??? 中文還有這樣的恭維："您年紀(jì)這么大，身體還是這么健康。"說(shuō)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家沒(méi)有類似的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。在他們的文化里，人們忌諱直接說(shuō)對(duì)方年紀(jì)大。 不能譯成：You are old but still look so healthy. 這樣不但沒(méi)有絲毫關(guān)心問(wèn)候之意，卻使別人以為你嫌他老不死。這下可把別人給得罪了?？梢赃@樣譯：You look great. 或You look wonderful. 在較熟的朋友之間可以說(shuō)：Your health is good.
二、 稱呼
??? 在書面語(yǔ)稱呼上，對(duì)Dear Governor…或Dear Minister…這類身份較高的稱呼上，通常不譯為"親愛(ài)的省長(zhǎng)"、"親愛(ài)的部長(zhǎng)"這個(gè)Dear習(xí)慣用"尊敬的"。
"女士們、先生們、朋友們"中文聽(tīng)起來(lái)很自然，但在英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣里，"朋友們"通常方在女士們先生們之前：
Dear friends，
Ladies and gentlemen
三、 交際套語(yǔ)
??? 交際套語(yǔ)應(yīng)該符合習(xí)慣用法才顯得自然、得體、有禮，否則聽(tīng)起來(lái)就讓人覺(jué)得生硬，粗魯，甚至?xí)斐烧`解。下面舉一些典型套語(yǔ)的譯法為例：
1、參觀或者會(huì)談等場(chǎng)合，常聽(tīng)見(jiàn)中方的人說(shuō)"請(qǐng)多提寶貴意見(jiàn)。"若直譯為：Please give us your valuable comments. 問(wèn)題就來(lái)了：你的意見(jiàn)應(yīng)該是valuable 的，不寶貴的意見(jiàn)請(qǐng)免開(kāi)尊口。正確的譯法是：Please give us your comments. 或We welcome your comments.
2、"怎么樣，今天就談到這里吧？"生硬、突然的說(shuō)法：Well，shall we stop here for today？地道的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)：Thank you for…Shall we call it a day？
3、"今天的菜不好，請(qǐng)多多包涵。"在英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的人看來(lái)，這種自謙客套的說(shuō)法反而顯得太牽強(qiáng)附會(huì)，況且請(qǐng)客總希望客人吃的好，否則，既然菜不好，為什么還拿來(lái)請(qǐng)客？故不宜直譯為：Pardon me for the poor foods today. 若用餐開(kāi)始講這句話，英語(yǔ)應(yīng)說(shuō)：Bon appetite.或者Enjoy yourself. 若用餐完畢，則應(yīng)該說(shuō)：Hope you've enjoyed yourself.
這樣才與此情景相吻合。
4、"這是區(qū)區(qū)薄禮，不成敬意"。這是我們中國(guó)人為了表示禮貌客氣的一句客套話，有時(shí)禮品并非"薄禮"也這么說(shuō)；而英美人的思維習(xí)慣卻是：這是專門為你準(zhǔn)備的禮品，希望你喜歡。所以這句不妨這樣說(shuō)：This is a gift for your memory. Hope you like it.
5、"你每月掙多少錢？"這恐怕是令人最忌諱的私人問(wèn)題了，太敏感了。 若非要表達(dá)這個(gè)意思，應(yīng)該把問(wèn)題變?yōu)殚g接問(wèn)題，不針對(duì)個(gè)人。若對(duì)方是銷售經(jīng)理，可以說(shuō)：About how much dose a sale manager make a year？
??? 在做口譯的過(guò)程中，除了要注意這些差異以外，英語(yǔ)作為一種語(yǔ)言它有著豐富的口語(yǔ)習(xí)慣詞匯我們不能單憑字面意思去理解。比如：
----This evening，if you have time，we can go to the movie together .
----Well，I will play it by ear！
play it by ear-"用耳朵來(lái)彈奏"？ 不是！這里的play it by ear 英文原意是：to decide something at the moment you need to and not before. 因而這里的意思可理解為：
--"今晚如果有空，你可以和我們一塊去看電影。"
--"到時(shí)候再說(shuō)吧！"
??? 對(duì)有些詞的理解不能望文生義，要挖掘其深層意思。例如：英文中就有child wife/husband一說(shuō)，這個(gè)詞就不能望文生義理解為"孩子妻子/丈夫"了，它的確切意思應(yīng)該是"老夫少妻/老妻少夫"。還有這句話：This machine is the last word in technical skill. 其中the last word 就不好理解，原意為：最后一句話，最后決定權(quán)…但在這里應(yīng)該是：（同類事物中） 最新形式，最先進(jìn)品種。因而這句可譯成：這臺(tái)機(jī)器是技術(shù)方面的新成就。
我們?cè)诶斫饬?xí)慣語(yǔ)時(shí)，不僅要理解它的字面意思，還要理解它的習(xí)慣表達(dá)意思。例如：----"What are we going to have for the lunch？Fish，pork meat，beef steak，or bread？"
----" You name it！"
這里name字用作動(dòng)詞：命名，指定。我們可以整句理解為："你盡管說(shuō)吧！"或"你說(shuō)一個(gè)吧！"而不要譯成："你起個(gè)名吧！"雖然英文里有這個(gè)意思，但中文這樣就有一點(diǎn)別扭了。
豐富的文化背景和相關(guān)專業(yè)知識(shí)會(huì)有助于口譯譯員的臨場(chǎng)發(fā)揮。但是扎實(shí)的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)才是關(guān)鍵。所以，我們要在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)中要不斷積累相關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí)，加強(qiáng)口譯的訓(xùn)練，才能在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)口譯中做到游刃有余。
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胡錦濤主席在中非合作論壇北京峰會(huì)開(kāi)幕式上的講話（中英版）
尊敬的梅萊斯總理，
尊敬的各位同事、各位嘉賓，
女士們，先生們，朋友們：
今天是值得歷史記住的日子。我們中非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人本著友誼、和平、合作、發(fā)展的宗旨，相聚北京，共敘友情，共商推動(dòng)中非關(guān)系發(fā)展、促進(jìn)發(fā)展中國(guó)家團(tuán)結(jié)合作的大計(jì)。首先，我謹(jǐn)代表中國(guó)政府和中國(guó)人民，并以我個(gè)人的名義，對(duì)各位同事和嘉賓前來(lái)出席會(huì)議，表示熱烈的歡迎和衷心的感謝！我還要通過(guò)在座的非洲各國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人，向兄弟的非洲人民轉(zhuǎn)達(dá)中國(guó)人民的親切問(wèn)候和良好祝愿！
2000年10月，中非共同倡議成立了中非合作論壇。這是中非深化傳統(tǒng)友誼、加強(qiáng)友好合作的重大舉措。6年來(lái)，論壇先后在北京和亞的斯亞貝巴成功舉辦了兩屆部長(zhǎng)級(jí)會(huì)議，已成為中國(guó)同非洲國(guó)家開(kāi)展集體對(duì)話、交流治國(guó)理政經(jīng)驗(yàn)、增進(jìn)相互信任、進(jìn)行務(wù)實(shí)合作的重要平臺(tái)和有效機(jī)制。
Your Excellency Prime Minister Meles Zenawi,
Distinguished colleagues and guests,
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Dear Friends,
Our meeting today will go down in history. We, leaders of China and African countries, in a common pursuit of friendship, peace, cooperation and development, are gathered in Beijing today to renew friendship, discuss ways of growing China-Africa relations and promote unity and cooperation among developing countries. On behalf of the Chinese Government and people and in my own name, I wish to extend a very warm welcome to you and deep appreciation to you for attending the Summit. I also want to extend, through the African leaders present today, the cordial greetings and best wishes of the Chinese people to the brotherly African people.
The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation was jointly set up by China and Africa in October 2000, a major initiative taken to promote traditional China-Africa friendship and cooperation. In the six years since then, two ministerial conferences have been held, first in Beijing and then in Addis Ababa. Today, the Forum serves as an important platform and effective mechanism for conducting collective dialogue, exchanging experience in governance and enhancing mutual trust and cooperation in practical terms between China and African countries.
各位同事、各位朋友！
今年正值新中國(guó)同非洲國(guó)家開(kāi)啟外交關(guān)系50周年。中國(guó)與非洲雖然遠(yuǎn)隔重洋，但中非人民友誼源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)、歷久彌堅(jiān)。在漫漫歷史長(zhǎng)河中，中非人民自強(qiáng)不息、堅(jiān)忍不拔，創(chuàng)造了各具特色、絢爛多彩的古代文明。近代以來(lái)，中非人民不甘奴役、頑強(qiáng)抗?fàn)?，譜寫了追求自由解放、捍衛(wèi)人類尊嚴(yán)的光輝篇章，創(chuàng)造了國(guó)家建設(shè)、民族振興的輝煌歷史。中國(guó)和非洲的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，為推進(jìn)人類文明進(jìn)步事業(yè)作出了重大貢獻(xiàn)。
50年來(lái)，中非人民緊密團(tuán)結(jié)，中非友好不斷深化。中非各領(lǐng)域交流合作全面發(fā)展，取得了豐碩成果。中非在國(guó)際事務(wù)中相互信任、協(xié)調(diào)配合，共同維護(hù)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的正當(dāng)權(quán)益。
中國(guó)始終堅(jiān)定支持非洲民族解放和國(guó)家建設(shè)，從培訓(xùn)技術(shù)人員到培訓(xùn)各類人才，從援建坦贊鐵路到援建各項(xiàng)工程，從派遣醫(yī)療隊(duì)員到派遣維和官兵，都體現(xiàn)了中國(guó)人民對(duì)非洲人民的情誼。中國(guó)人民不會(huì)忘記非洲朋友當(dāng)年全力支持中華人民共和國(guó)恢復(fù)在聯(lián)合國(guó)的合法席位，不會(huì)忘記非洲國(guó)家和人民真誠(chéng)希望中國(guó)完成和平統(tǒng)一大業(yè)、熱切盼望中國(guó)實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)的宏偉目標(biāo)。
Dear colleagues and friends,
This year marks the 50th anniversary of the inauguration of diplomatic ties between New China and African countries. Though vast oceans keep China and Africa far apart, the friendship between our peoples has a long history and, having been tested by times, is strong and vigorous. In the long course of history, the Chinese and African peoples, with an unyielding and tenacious spirit, created splendid and distinctive ancient civilisations. In the modern era, our peoples launched unremitting and heroic struggle against subjugation, and have written a glorious chapter in the course of pursuing freedom and liberation, upholding human dignity, and striving for economic development and national rejuvenation. The progress and development of China and Africa are a major contribution to the advancement of human civilisation.
During the past five decades, the Chinese and African peoples have forged close unity, and our friendship has flourished. China-Africa exchanges and cooperation have grown in all fields and yielded fruitful results. In international affairs, China and Africa enjoy trust and cooperate closely to uphold the legitimate rights and interests of the developing world.
In all these years, China has firmly supported Africa in winning liberation and pursuing development. China has trained technical personnel and other professionals in various fields for Africa. It has built the Tanzara Railway and other infrastructural projects and sent medical teams and peacekeepers to Africa. All this testifies to the friendship cherished by the Chinese people towards the African people. We in China will not forget Africa's full support for restoring the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations. Nor will we forget the sincere and ardent wish of African countries and people for China to realise complete and peaceful reunification and achieve the goal of building a modern nation.
今天，中非友好已深深扎根在雙方人民心中。中非友好之所以能夠經(jīng)受住歷史歲月和國(guó)際風(fēng)云變幻的考驗(yàn)，關(guān)鍵是我們?cè)诎l(fā)展相互關(guān)系中始終堅(jiān)持真誠(chéng)友好、平等相待、相互支持、共同發(fā)展的正確原則。
——真誠(chéng)友好，是中非友誼不斷加強(qiáng)的堅(jiān)實(shí)基礎(chǔ)。我們雙方都珍視中非傳統(tǒng)友誼，誠(chéng)心誠(chéng)意致力于中非友好事業(yè)。
——平等相待，是中非互信日益增進(jìn)的重要保證。我們雙方都尊重對(duì)方自主選擇的發(fā)展道路，高度重視對(duì)方的關(guān)切，認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)方的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)。
——相互支持，是中非合作長(zhǎng)盛不衰的不竭動(dòng)力。我們雙方都衷心希望并真心支持對(duì)方發(fā)展進(jìn)步，積極開(kāi)展全方位合作。
——共同發(fā)展，是中非人民孜孜以求的共同目標(biāo)。我們雙方都堅(jiān)持互利互惠的友好合作，讓發(fā)展成果惠及雙方人民。
Today, China-Africa friendship is deeply rooted in the hearts of our two peoples, and our friendship has endured the test of time and changes in the world. This is because we have never strayed from the principle of enhancing friendship, treating each other as equals, extending mutual support and promoting common development in building our ties.?
- Friendship provides a solid foundation for reinforcing China- Africa friendly ties. We both value our traditional friendship and are committed to enhancing it.
- Treating each other as equals is crucial for ensuring mutual trust. We both respect the development path independently embarked upon by the other side. We both are serious in addressing each other's concerns and are eager to benefit from each other's practice in development.
- Mutual support is the driving force behind the ever growing China-Africa cooperation. We both wish to see progress in the development endeavour of the other side and sincerely support such endeavour. And we are engaged in comprehensive cooperation.
- Common development is the shared aspiration of the Chinese and African peoples. We are committed to pursuing mutually beneficial cooperation to bring the benefits of development to our peoples.
各位同事、各位朋友！
當(dāng)前，國(guó)際形勢(shì)正在發(fā)生深刻而復(fù)雜的變化。和平、發(fā)展、合作是當(dāng)今時(shí)代的主旋律。世界多極化和經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的趨勢(shì)深入發(fā)展，科技進(jìn)步日新月異，區(qū)域合作方興未艾，各國(guó)相互依存不斷加深，這些都為世界各國(guó)帶來(lái)了難得的發(fā)展機(jī)遇。同時(shí)，全球發(fā)展不均衡，南北差距拉大，傳統(tǒng)安全威脅和非傳統(tǒng)安全威脅相互交織，影響世界和平與發(fā)展的不穩(wěn)定不確定因素增多，廣大發(fā)展中國(guó)家實(shí)現(xiàn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展面臨著嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。
中國(guó)是最大的發(fā)展中國(guó)家，非洲是發(fā)展中國(guó)家最集中的大陸，中國(guó)和非洲的人口占世界人口三分之一以上。沒(méi)有中國(guó)和非洲的和平與發(fā)展，就沒(méi)有世界的和平與發(fā)展。
Dear colleagues and friends,
The world today is undergoing profound and complex changes. But peace, development and cooperation remain the calling of the times. There is a growing trend towards multipolarity and economic globalization. Science and technology are making daily advance, regional cooperation is deepening and there is increasing interdependence among nations. All this has created rare development opportunities for the international community. On the other hand, imbalance in global development, widening gap between North and South, the combination of traditional and non-traditional security threats as well as increasing factors of instability and uncertainty standing in the way of peace and development all pose a daunting challenge to developing countries in their pursuit of sustainable development.
China is the largest developing country, and Africa is home to the largest number of developing countries. Our combined population accounts for over a third of the world total. Without peace and development in China and Africa, there will be no global peace and development.
在新形勢(shì)下，中非共同利益在擴(kuò)大，相互需求在增加。建立中非新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系是中非合作的內(nèi)在需要，也是促進(jìn)世界和平與發(fā)展的必然要求。中非關(guān)系不斷發(fā)展，不僅有利于中國(guó)和非洲的發(fā)展進(jìn)步，而且有利于促進(jìn)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作，有利于推動(dòng)建立公正合理的國(guó)際政治經(jīng)濟(jì)新秩序。為進(jìn)一步發(fā)展中非新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系，中國(guó)愿同非洲國(guó)家在以下領(lǐng)域加強(qiáng)合作。
第一，深化平等互信的政治關(guān)系。保持高層互訪和交往勢(shì)頭，建立定期高層政治對(duì)話機(jī)制，開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略對(duì)話，增強(qiáng)政治互信，加深傳統(tǒng)友誼，實(shí)現(xiàn)團(tuán)結(jié)共進(jìn)。
第二，拓展互利共贏的經(jīng)濟(jì)合作。發(fā)揮各自優(yōu)勢(shì)，密切經(jīng)貿(mào)聯(lián)系，拓寬合作領(lǐng)域，支持雙方企業(yè)合作，提升人力資源開(kāi)發(fā)合作水平，積極探索新的合作方式，共享發(fā)展成果。
第三，擴(kuò)大相互借鑒的文化交流。加強(qiáng)人文對(duì)話，增進(jìn)雙方人民特別是青年一代的相互了解和友誼，加強(qiáng)教育、科技、文化、衛(wèi)生、體育、旅游等領(lǐng)域的交流合作，為中非合作提供精神動(dòng)力和文化支持。
第四，推動(dòng)均衡和諧的全球發(fā)展。加強(qiáng)南南合作，推動(dòng)南北對(duì)話，呼吁發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家切實(shí)兌現(xiàn)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、增加援助、減免債務(wù)等承諾，落實(shí)千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化朝著有利于實(shí)現(xiàn)各國(guó)共同繁榮的方向發(fā)展。
第五，加強(qiáng)相互支持的國(guó)際合作。維護(hù)聯(lián)合國(guó)憲章的宗旨和原則，尊重世界多樣性，促進(jìn)國(guó)際關(guān)系民主化，倡導(dǎo)互信互利的國(guó)際安全合作，加強(qiáng)磋商和協(xié)調(diào)，照顧彼此關(guān)切，共同應(yīng)對(duì)各類全球性安全威脅和挑戰(zhàn)。
In this new era, China and Africa share increasing common interests and have a growing mutual need. The forging of a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership is determined by the dynamics of China-Africa cooperation, and it represents our wish to promote global peace and development. Building strong ties between China and Africa will not only promote development of each side, but also help cement unity and cooperation among developing countries and contribute to establishing a just and equitable new international political and economic order. To enhance this new type of strategic partnership, China will strengthen cooperation with Africa in the following fields:
First, deepen political relation of equality and mutual trust. We will maintain high-level contacts and mutual visits, establish a regular high-level political dialogue mechanism and conduct strategic dialogue to enhance mutual political trust and traditional friendship and achieve common progress through unity.
Second, broaden win-win economic cooperation. We will give full play to our respective strength, enhance economic and trade ties, broaden areas of cooperation, support cooperation between our business communities, upgrade cooperation in human resources development and explore new ways of cooperation so that both sides will share the benefits of development.
Third, expand exchange for cultural enrichment. We will strengthen cultural and people-to-people exchanges to increase mutual understanding and friendship between our two peoples and particularly between the younger generation. We will enhance exchanges and cooperation in education, science and technology, culture, public health, sports and tourism to provide intellectual motivation and cultural support for China-Africa cooperation.
Fourth, promote balanced and harmonious global development. We will enhance South-South cooperation and promote North-South dialogue. We urge developed countries to honour their promises on market access, aid and debt relief. We should strive to meet the Millennium Development Goals and steer economic globalisation in the direction of creating prosperity for all.
Fifth, strengthen cooperation and mutual support in international affairs. We are committed to upholding the purposes and principles of the UN Charter, respecting diversity of the world and promoting democracy in international relations. We call for enhancing international security cooperation based on mutual trust and benefit and addressing each other's concerns through consultation and coordination so that we can jointly respond to threats and challenges to global security.
各位同事、各位朋友！
中國(guó)珍視中非友誼，始終把加強(qiáng)同非洲國(guó)家的團(tuán)結(jié)合作作為中國(guó)外交政策的重要組成部分。中國(guó)將一如既往地支持非洲實(shí)施非洲發(fā)展新伙伴計(jì)劃，支持非洲國(guó)家為加強(qiáng)聯(lián)合自強(qiáng)、謀求地區(qū)和平穩(wěn)定、實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)振興、提高國(guó)際地位所做的積極努力。
Dear colleagues and friends,
China values its friendship with Africa. To strengthen unity and cooperation with Africa is a key principle guiding China's foreign policy. China will continue to support Africa in implementing the New Partnership for Africa's Development and in its effort to strengthen itself through unity, achieve peace and stability and economic revitalisation in the region and raise its international standing.??
為推動(dòng)中非新型戰(zhàn)略伙伴關(guān)系發(fā)展，促進(jìn)中非在更大范圍、更廣領(lǐng)域、更高層次上的合作，中國(guó)政府將采取以下8個(gè)方面的政策措施。
（一）擴(kuò)大對(duì)非洲援助規(guī)模，到2009年使中國(guó)對(duì)非洲國(guó)家的援助規(guī)模比2006年增加1倍。
（二）今后3年內(nèi)向非洲國(guó)家提供30億美元的優(yōu)惠貸款和20億美元的優(yōu)惠出口買方信貸。
（三）為鼓勵(lì)和支持中國(guó)企業(yè)到非洲投資，設(shè)立中非發(fā)展基金，基金總額逐步達(dá)到50億美元，
（四）為支持非洲國(guó)家聯(lián)合自強(qiáng)和一體化進(jìn)程，援助建設(shè)非洲聯(lián)盟會(huì)議中心。
（五）免除同中國(guó)有外交關(guān)系的所有非洲重債窮國(guó)和最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家截至2005年底到期的政府無(wú)息貸款債務(wù)。
（六）進(jìn)一步向非洲開(kāi)放市場(chǎng)，把同中國(guó)有外交關(guān)系的非洲最不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家輸華商品零關(guān)稅待遇受惠商品由190個(gè)稅目擴(kuò)大到440多個(gè)。
（七）今后3年內(nèi)在非洲國(guó)家建立3—5個(gè)境外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易合作區(qū)。
（八）今后3年內(nèi)為非洲培訓(xùn)培養(yǎng)15000名各類人才；向非洲派遣100名高級(jí)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)專家；在非洲建立10個(gè)有特色的農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)示范中心；為非洲援助30所醫(yī)院，并提供3億元人民幣無(wú)償援款幫助非洲防治瘧疾，用于提供青蒿素藥品及設(shè)立30個(gè)抗瘧中心；向非洲派遣300名青年志愿者；為非洲援助100所農(nóng)村學(xué)校；在2009年之前，向非洲留學(xué)生提供中國(guó)政府獎(jiǎng)學(xué)金名額由目前的每年2000人次增加到4000人次。
To forge a new type of China-Africa strategic partnership and strengthen our cooperation in more areas and at a higher level, the Chinese Government will take the following eight steps:
1. Double its 2006 assistance to Africa by 2009.
2. Provide US$3 billion of preferential loans and US$2 billion of preferential buyer's credits to Africa in the next three years.
3. Set up a China-Africa development fund which will reach US$5 billion to encourage Chinese companies to invest in Africa and provide support to them.
4. Build a conference centre for the African Union to support African countries in their efforts to strengthen themselves through unity and support the process of African integration.
5. Cancel debt in the form of all the interest-free government loans that matured at the end of 2005 owed by the heavily indebted poor countries and the least developed countries in Africa that have diplomatic relations with China.
6. Further open up China's market to Africa by increasing from 190 to over 440 the number of export items to China receiving zero-tariff treatment from the least developed countries in Africa having diplomatic ties with China.
7. Establish three to five trade and economic cooperation zones in Africa in the next three years.
8. Over the next three years, train 15,000 African professionals; send 100 senior agricultural experts to Africa; set up 10 special agricultural technology demonstration centres in Africa; build 30 hospitals in Africa and provide RMB 300 million of grant for providing artemisinin and building 30 malaria prevention and treatment centres to fight malaria in Africa; dispatch 300 youth volunteers to Africa; build 100 rural schools in Africa; and increase the number of Chinese government scholarships to African students from the current 2000 per year to 4000 per year by 2009.
各位同事、各位朋友！
中國(guó)和非洲都是人類文明的發(fā)祥地，都是充滿希望的熱土。共同的命運(yùn)、共同的目標(biāo)把我們緊緊團(tuán)結(jié)在一起。中國(guó)永遠(yuǎn)是非洲的好朋友、好伙伴、好兄弟。
讓我們攜手并肩、昂首闊步，為實(shí)現(xiàn)中非發(fā)展，為造福中非人民，為推動(dòng)建設(shè)持久和平、共同繁榮的和諧世界而共同努力！
謝謝大家。
Dear colleagues and friends,
Both China and Africa are cradles of human civilisation and lands of great promise. Common destiny and common goals have brought us together. China will remain a close friend, reliable partner and good brother of Africa.
Let's join hands and endeavour to promote development in both China and Africa, improve the well-being of our peoples and build a harmonious world of enduring peace and common prosperity!
Thank you.
關(guān)于聽(tīng)力應(yīng)試方面，我們主張培養(yǎng)學(xué)生“搶讀預(yù)測(cè)”+“五邊處理法”這種眼、耳、手、口、腦并用的積極主動(dòng)的應(yīng)試技能?！皳屪x預(yù)測(cè)”即利用導(dǎo)言及題與題之間的間隙，提前掃視選項(xiàng)，預(yù)測(cè)出題方向，以便等錄音內(nèi)容開(kāi)始時(shí)可以有目的地捕捉所需信息。“五邊處理法”即邊聽(tīng)，邊理解，邊復(fù)述(適用于單句、短對(duì)話和數(shù)據(jù)方面的內(nèi)容)，邊做筆記，邊猜測(cè)(推斷)。這里我們重點(diǎn)談?wù)劇傲⒓磸?fù)述”、“做筆記”與聽(tīng)的關(guān)系以及這“二邊”的具體操作方法。
很多同學(xué)講，“考聽(tīng)力時(shí)我都聽(tīng)懂了，可等到作選擇的時(shí)候，卻好像有一半都記不清了?！边@是極正常的，原因是我們?cè)诼?tīng)的時(shí)候，大部分注意力在理解方面，加上沒(méi)有及時(shí)對(duì)所提細(xì)節(jié)做筆記，自然便會(huì)聽(tīng)了后面忘了前面，而聽(tīng)力測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)往往就在細(xì)節(jié)的辨識(shí)上。因此，考生不僅要聽(tīng)懂錄音中的語(yǔ)言信息，還應(yīng)通過(guò)一些有效途徑在短時(shí)內(nèi)強(qiáng)記重要信息，如年代、人物、事件、地點(diǎn)、單價(jià)、折扣價(jià)(幅度)、門牌號(hào)等。一個(gè)人即使記憶力再好，要記清如此多的細(xì)節(jié)也不容易，那么只有靠筆記幫忙。
(1)養(yǎng)成立即復(fù)述的習(xí)慣
記筆記是有訣竅的。在聽(tīng)單句(statement)時(shí)，由于句子完全孤立，沒(méi)有任何語(yǔ)境，又只念一遍，聽(tīng)者只能靠一遍的理解和記憶，在選擇項(xiàng)中找出意思與原文相同或相近者。因此，準(zhǔn)確捕捉所給信息是問(wèn)題的關(guān)鍵。這時(shí)必須借助“立即復(fù)述”這一有效手段，即：在聽(tīng)錄音時(shí)以僅落后1─2秒的時(shí)間立即重復(fù)原試句，以幫助強(qiáng)化記憶，作出正確選擇。有人曾作過(guò)實(shí)驗(yàn)，結(jié)果表明：“一個(gè)語(yǔ)言信號(hào)只經(jīng)過(guò)外耳道，在大腦中理解記憶的可能性假設(shè)為一，那么經(jīng)過(guò)口頭復(fù)述，在大腦中理解記憶的可能性則為三。因?yàn)橥恍盘?hào)經(jīng)過(guò)外耳道傳入大腦，而另一部分聲音則直接從口腔經(jīng)過(guò)內(nèi)耳道傳入大腦，所以，復(fù)述一次的效果是不復(fù)述的三倍。”因而，考生在平時(shí)訓(xùn)練中很有必要加強(qiáng)復(fù)述練習(xí)，它一方面可以幫助你加深對(duì)聽(tīng)懂部分的印象，另一方面也有助于重新理解、咀嚼未聽(tīng)懂部分，從而有效捕捉并記錄重要信息點(diǎn)，提高準(zhǔn)確率。
“立即復(fù)述”關(guān)鍵在“立即”二字，若等到一句話念完了再去復(fù)述，就很難記清全句，復(fù)述也就失去了意義。正確的操作方法是：當(dāng)一句話剛一開(kāi)始，你就以僅慢1～2秒的速度緊跟其后，出聲跟讀，仿佛你的復(fù)述是原試句的回聲，并在復(fù)述的同時(shí)進(jìn)行理解并做記錄。此法在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中使用過(guò)多年，得到使用者的一致肯定。做復(fù)述練習(xí)的好處還不僅限于此，它還能幫助你增強(qiáng)信心，集中注意力，糾正發(fā)音，復(fù)述多了，還能培養(yǎng)語(yǔ)感，有助于口語(yǔ)的提高。
(2)學(xué)會(huì)做筆記
做筆記能幫助我們理解聽(tīng)力材料，提高區(qū)分有用信息和無(wú)用信息的能力。更重要的一點(diǎn)還在于它能幫我們減輕大腦的負(fù)擔(dān)，完整而準(zhǔn)確地把握所聽(tīng)材料的主要內(nèi)容。
記筆記的方式可因人而異。你可以在選擇項(xiàng)旁盡可能記下文中所提及的人名、地名、各種數(shù)據(jù)、事實(shí)和理由等你認(rèn)為重要的信息。好的筆記應(yīng)是對(duì)所聽(tīng)內(nèi)容作出的簡(jiǎn)要提綱，可以用關(guān)鍵詞，也可以用短語(yǔ)或句子來(lái)表示，關(guān)鍵是要簡(jiǎn)潔、明白、快捷。你也可以邊聽(tīng)邊快速核對(duì)A、B、C、D各項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，用對(duì)錯(cuò)號(hào)加以標(biāo)示，或針對(duì)不同選項(xiàng)就內(nèi)容做簡(jiǎn)單筆記(后兩種方法在對(duì)話部分較實(shí)用)。
例如：
W：I hope the library is open now．
M：Look at the sign．It says：9 a．m．to 5 p．m．weekdays﹔9 a．m．to 3 p．m．Saturdays﹔9 a．m．to 12 noon Sundays．
Q：When will the library be open on Saturdays?
A．From 9 a．m．to 5 p．m．(weekdays)
B．From l2 noon to 9 p．m．(×)
C．From 9 a．m．to 12 noon．(Sundays)
D．From 9 a．m．to 3 p．m．(Saturdays)
若能邊聽(tīng)邊對(duì)選擇加以記錄或標(biāo)示(如上面括號(hào)中所示)，便可以得到正確答案(D)。
以下為短文聽(tīng)力部分的一篇樣板筆記，大家可以從中體會(huì)做短文筆記的基本方法。
選擇項(xiàng)：
A．At the new town swimming poo1．
B．In the schoo1．
C．At Jackson Sports Center．
D．In a university swimming poo1．
A．Because the place was too small．
B．Because the students wouldn’t be able to have lunch there．
C．Because it was raining．
D．Because the place was not available．
A．About 3hours．B．About 4 hours．
C.About 5 hours．D．About 6 hours．
A．To inform the students of the swimming competition．
B．To tell the students how to get to the competition ground．
C．To tell the students when to get back to schoo1．
D．To tell the students about the arrangement of the day’sactivities．
從選擇項(xiàng)可以預(yù)測(cè)本篇的四個(gè)問(wèn)題中前三個(gè)屬客觀性(或細(xì)節(jié)性)問(wèn)題，最后為概括性問(wèn)題，即：
Where…?
Why did… change the place of…?
How long…?
What is the main idea／purpose of…?(或Which of the following statelnents is true．)
因而，應(yīng)以聽(tīng)細(xì)節(jié)為主，根據(jù)預(yù)期問(wèn)題所涉及的方面做簡(jiǎn)要筆記。下面是對(duì)該篇所作的筆記：
A message for years 7─10(for whom)
new town swimming pool(original)
Jackson Sports Center(now)
rain(reason of changing place)
10：00 a．m．start off by bus(15 minute’s ride)
3：15 p．m．return to school
這樣，當(dāng)問(wèn)題一一提出時(shí)，考生便可根據(jù)筆記輕松地作出選擇： A B C D.
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